Footnote and Citation Style Guides 

Engineering disciplines use a wide range of styles for writing and citing papers. Often these styles are adaptions of major systems (such as AIP or Chicago), but it is usually best to pick a widely-read magazine or journal in the field to use as a template for your own papers. The styles listed below are those found on the major professional societies' web sites. The examples have been culled from issues of their publications.

Bibliographic managers, such as EndNote or RefWorks, often have templates and plugins for these publications.

Table of Contents

Chemical Engineering Citation Style

Civil and Environmental Engineering Citation Style

Computer Science and Engineering Citation Style

Electrical Engineering Citation Style

Industrial and Systems Engineering Citation Style

Materials Science and Engineering Citation Style

Mechanical Engineering Citation Style

From the CEP Reference Style Guide of the AIChE

General Style:

Information appears in the following general order: author, title, publisher, page numbers, date. Individual elements of the citation are separated by commas, and a period is used at the end. If there are more than two authors, list only the first author followed by et al. The specific information that should be included depends on the type of reference:

Periodical: Author's last name and initials in bold, title of article in quotation marks, title of periodical in italics (underline if italics are not available), volume number in bold, issue number in parentheses, page numbers (inclusive), date in parentheses.

Book: Author's last name and initials in bold, title of book in quotation marks, edition number if appropriate, publisher's name, city and state of publisher, page numbers (inclusive, unless entire book is being referenced), date in parentheses.

Sample Citations:

Please note that style attributes such as boldface and italics may not be visible with your web browser. If so, follow the style outlined above. Most importantly, be sure that citations are complete.

1.Schaich, J. R., "Estimate Fugitive Emissions from Process Equipment," Chem. Eng. Progress, 87 (8), pp. 31-35 (Aug. 1991).

2.Homoki, G. G., and K. N. Vernekar, "Materials Selections for Sludge Incinerator Heat Exchangers," in "Materials Performance in Waste Incineration Systems," G. Y. Lai and G. Sorell, Eds., NACE International, Houston, TX, pp. 20-1 to 20-8 (1992).

3.Perry, R. H., and D. W. Green, Eds., "Mass Transfer and Gas Absorption," Chapter 14, in "Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook," 6th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York (1984).

4.AIChE Center for Waste Reduction Technologies, "Current and Potential Future Industrial Practices for Reducing and Controlling Volatile Organic Compounds," AIChE, New York, pp. 37-44 (Sept. 1992).

5.Trebilcock, R. W., et al., "Reduction of Distillation Waste Streams," presented at the AIChE Summer National Meeting, Seattle, WA, Paper No. 5b (Aug. 1993).

6.Kuhn, L. A., and E. N. Ruddy, "Comprehensive Emissions Inventories for Industrial Facilities," Proceedings of the Air and Waste Management Association's 85th Annual Meeting and Exhibition, Kansas City, MO, Paper No. 92-139.12 (June 1992).

7.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Compiling Air Toxics Emissions Inventories," U.S. EPA, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, EPA/450/4-86-010, NTIS No. PB86-238086 (July 1986).

8."The Abnormal Situation Management Joint Research and Development Consortium," available via http://www.iac.honeywell.com/Pub/Tech/asmwww/html on the WWW.

From the ASCE On-Line Authors' Guide:

References. In the text, cite publications by listing the last names of the authors and the year, which is called the author-date method of citation; e.g., (Duan et al. 1990; Frater and Packer 1992a). Prepare an appendix listing all references alphabetically by last name of the first author. For anonymous reports and standards, alphabetize by the issuing institution. Double-space the reference section.

Make sure reference information in the APPENDIX. REFERENCES is complete and accurate ... including as necessary and in the following order:

last names and initials of all authors;

year of publication;

title of paper, report, or book chapter (in quotes);

title of book or name of periodical; volume number; issue number (or month);

name of publisher (for books and proceedings);

city and state of publication (for books, proceedings, and non-U.S. journals);

and inclusive page numbers.
 

 

Examples

Aanen, P. (1991). Nature engineering and civil engineering works, H. W. Knottnerus, translator, Pudoc, Wageningen, Netherlands.

ABAQUS/Explicit update manual, version 5.6. (1996). Hibbitt, Karlsson and Sorenson Inc., Pawtucket, R.I.

"Acoustic strain gauge's ease bridge monitoring ." (1997). CivilEngrg. ASCE, 67(9), 83.

Al-Mutairi, N. M.. (1995) "Kuwait oil-based pollution: effect on building material." J. of Matls. in Civil Engrg., ASCE, 7(3), 154-160.

ASTM. (1981). "Standard method of testing piles under static axial compressive load."  D1143-81, Philadelphia, Pa.

Barragy, E., Walters, R., and Carey, G. F.  (1995). "Tital simulation using conjugate gradient methods." Finite Element Modeling of Environmental Problems: Surface and Subsurface Flow and Transport, G. F. Carey, ed., Wiley, West Sussex, Eng., 115-135.

Chern, C.  (1969). "Ultimate strength of transversely and longitudinally stiffened plate girders." PhD thesis, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa.

Chiu, H.-S., Chern, J.-C., and Chang, K.-C. (1996a) "Long-term deflection control in cantilever prestressed concrete bridges. I: Control method and algorithm." J. Engrg. Mech., ASCE, 122(6), 489-494.

Chiu, H.-S., Chern, J.-C., and Chang, K.-C. (1996b) "Long-term deflection control in cantilever prestressed concrete bridges. II: Experimental verification." J. Engrg. Mech., ASCE, 122(6), 495-501.

Daoud, O. E. K. (1997) "Discussion of 'Kuwait oil-based pollution: effect on building material by Naji M. Al-Mutairi." J. of Matls. in Civil Engrg., ASCE, 9(1), 50.

Der, J. J. (1974) "Oil contaminated beach cleanup." Tech. Note, Naval Civil Engrg. Lab. TN-1337, Port Huneme, Calif.

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). (1990). "Highway safety design practices and criteria." Safety Design Division, HSR-20, McLean, Va.

Federal Register. (1997). 62(No. 248; December 29), 67572-67585.

Harik, I. E. , Street, R., Wang, Z., and Allen, D. L. (1996). "Accelerations and time histories for earthquakes affecting Kentucky's bridges." Analysis and Computation, Proc. 12th Conference held in conjunction with Structures Congress XIV, Chicago, Illinois, 464-471.

International Conference of Building Officials. (1997). Uniform building code. Whittier, Calif.

Klaue, H.  (1995).  " Entwicklungstendenzen in der internationalen Klimaschutz- und Luftreinhaltepolitik [Development trends in international climate protection and air pollution control politics]." Glueckauf, Essen, Germany, 131(3), 113-121 (in German)..

Ricken, H. (1994) Der Bauingenieur : Geschichte eines Berufes.  Verlag für Bauwesen, Berlin (in German).

Standard & Poor's industry surveys. (1997). Standard & Poor, New York, N.Y.

From the Author Guidelines of the Communications of the ACM

References ... to previous work should be included at the end of the article. References must be ordered alphabetically by first author and numbered. All listed references must be referred to in text by their corresponding number.

Communications Reference Style

Journal:

Parker, R. Lotus copyright protection is turning into a feeding frenzy. Infoworld 12,28 (Jul. 1990), 42-49.

Book:

Hoffman, W.M. and Moore, J.M., Eds. Ethics and the Management of Computer Technology. Oelgeschlager, Gunn and Hain, Cambridge, Mass., 1982.

Proceedings:

Rumbaugh, J.E. Controlling propagation of operations using attributes on Relations. In Proceedings of OOPSLA '86 (Sept. 29-Oct. 2, Portland,Oreg.). ACM/SIGPLAN, New York, 1986, pp. 406-416.

From the "Information for Authors" of the IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication

References should be numbered sequentially by order of mention in the text, with the number placed in brackets and printed on the same line (not as a superscript) like [1].  The list of all references cited in the text should appear in numeric order at the end of the paper.  Don't use footnotes.

Samples of IEEE Reference Style

Books

[1] E. R. Tufte, Visual Explanations: Images and Quantities, Evidence and Narrative. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press, 1996.

[2] J. H. Watt and S. A. van den Berg, Research Methods for Communication Science. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 1995.

Articles/Chapters in a Book

[3] J. W. DuBois, S. Schuetze-Coburn, S. Cumming, and D. Paolino, "Outline of discourse transcription," in Talking Data: Transcription and Coding in Discourse Research (J. A. Edwards and M. D. Lampert, Eds.). Hillsdale, NJ:   Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1993, pp. 45-89.

Periodicals

[4] R. C. Carter, "Search time with a color display: Analysis of distribution functions," Human Factors, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 302-304, 1982.

Papers Presented in Proceedings

[5] P. Leone, D. L. Gillihan, and T. L. Rauch, "Web-based prototyping for user sessions: Medium-fidelity prototyping," in Proc. 44th Int. Technical Communications Conf. (Toronto, Canada, May 11-14, 1997), pp. 231-234.

Unpublished Papers

[6] K. Riley, "Language theory: Application versus practice," presented at the Conf. of the Modern Language Association, Boston, MA, December 27-30, 1990.

Technical Reports

[7] K. Kraiger and M.S. Teachout, "Application of generalizability theory to the Air Force job performance measurement project: A summary of research results," Human Resources Laboratory, Air Force Systems Command, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas, Tech. Rep. AFHRL-TR-90-92, July 1991.

Electronic Publications

The IEEE Magazines Department's Information for Magazine Authors (1999, p. 4) includes suggestions for citing electronic publications.  This includes the electronic versions of printed as well as internet publications.

^* The IEEE uses LaTeX for electronic versions of papers.   Their Web page includes LaTeX style and sample files that may be downloaded and used to comp

From the IIE Transactions Author Instructions

References

The bibliography should be listed alphabetically by first author. Citation within the text is by the author name and date. Example: Adams and Woodall (1989). Sample references:

• Adams, B.M. and Woodall, W.H. (1989) An analysis of Taguchi‘s on-line process control procedure under a random-walk model. Technometrics, 31, 401-413.
• Chow, M.C., Wu, S.M. and Ermer, D.S. (1979) A time series control chart for a nuclear reactor, in Proceedings of the 1979 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium, IEEE Press, New York, NY, pp. 1-7.
• Gershwin, S.B. (1994) Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

See the current sample issue for other examples.

From the ASME's Guidelines

Text Citation. Within the text, references should be cited in numerical order according to their order of appearance. The numbered reference citation should be enclosed in brackets.

Example: It was shown by Prusa [1] that the width of the plume decreases under these conditions.

In the case of two citations, the numbers should be separated by a comma [1,2]. In the case of more than two references, the numbers should be separated by a dash [5-7].

List of References. References to original sources for cited material should be listed together at the end of the paper; footnotes should not be used for this purpose. References should be arranged in numerical order according to the sequence of citations within the text. Each reference should include the last name of each author followed by his initials.

(1) Reference to journal articles and papers in serial publications should include:

• last name of each author followed by their initials
• year of publication
• full title of the cited article in quotes, title capitalization
• full name of the publication in which it appears
• volume number (if any) in boldface (Do not include the abbreviation, "Vol.")
• issue number (if any) in parentheses (Do not include the abbreviation, "No.")
• inclusive page numbers of the cited article (include "pp.")

(2) Reference to textbooks and monographs should include:

• last name of each author followed by their initials
• year of publication
• full title of the publication in italics
• publisher
• city of publication
• inclusive page numbers of the work being cited (include "pp.")
• chapter number (if any) at the end of the citation following the abbreviation, "Chap."

(3) Reference to individual conference papers, papers in compiled conference proceedings, or any other collection of works by numerous authors should include:

• last name of each author followed by their initials
• year of publication
• full title of the cited paper in quotes, title capitalization
• individual paper number (if any)
• full title of the publication in italics
• initials followed by last name of editors (if any), followed by the abbreviation, "eds."
• publisher
• city of publication
• volume number (if any) in boldface if a single number, include, "Vol." if part of larger identifier (e.g., "PVP-Vol. 254")
• inclusive page numbers of the work being cited (include "pp.")

(4) Reference to theses and technical reports should include:

• last name of each author followed by their initials
• year of publication
• full title in quotes, title capitalization
• report number (if any)
• publisher or institution name, city

Sample References

[1] Ning, X., and Lovell, M. R., 2002, "On the Sliding Friction Characteristics of Unidirectional Continuous FRP Composites," ASME J. Tribol., 124(1), pp. 5-13.
[2] Barnes, M., 2001, "Stresses in Solenoids," J. Appl. Phys., 48(5), pp. 2000–2008.
[3] Jones, J., 2000, Contact Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, Chap. 6.
[4] Lee, Y., Korpela, S. A., and Horne, R. N., 1982, "Structure of Multi-Cellular Natural Convection in a Tall Vertical Annulus," Proc. 7th International Heat Transfer Conference, U. Grigul et al., eds., Hemisphere, Washington, DC, 2, pp. 221–226.
[5] Hashish, M., 2000, "600 MPa Waterjet Technology Development," High Pressure Technology, PVP-Vol. 406, pp. 135-140.
[6] Watson, D. W., 1997, "Thermodynamic Analysis," ASME Paper No. 97-GT-288.
[7] Tung, C. Y., 1982, "Evaporative Heat Transfer in the Contact Line of a Mixture," Ph.D. thesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY.
[8] Kwon, O. K., and Pletcher, R. H., 1981, "Prediction of the Incompressible Flow Over A Rearward-Facing Step," Technical Report No. HTL-26, CFD-4, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA.
[9] Smith, R., 2002, "Conformal Lubricated Contact of Cylindrical Surfaces Involved in a Non-Steady Motion," Ph.D. thesis, http://www.cas.phys.unm.edu/rsmith/homepage.html